The Declaration of Arbroath
To the most Holy Father and Lord in Christ, the Lord John, by divine
providence Supreme Pontiff of the Holy Roman and Universal Church, his
humble and devout sons Duncan, Earl of Fife, Thomas Randolph, Earl of
Moray, Lord of Man and of Annandale, Patrick Dunbar, Earl of March,
Malise, Earl of Strathearn, Malcolm, Earl of Lennox, William, Earl of
Ross, Magnus, Earl of Caithness and Orkney, and William, Earl of
Sutherland; Walter, Steward of Scotland, William Soules, Butler of
Scotland, James, Lord of Douglas, Roger Mowbray, David, Lord of
Brechin, David Graham, Ingram Umfraville, John Menteith, guardian of
the earldom of Menteith, Alexander Fraser, Gilbert Hay, Constable of
Scotland, Robert Keith, Marischal of Scotland, Henry St Clair, John
Graham, David Lindsay, William Oliphant, Patrick Graham, John Fenton,
William Abernethy, David Wemyss, William Mushet, Fergus of Ardrossan,
Eustace Maxwell, William Ramsay, William Mowat, Alan Murray, Donald
Campbell, John Cameron, Reginald Cheyne, Alexander Seton, Andrew Leslie,
and Alexander Straiton, and the other barons and freeholders and the
whole community of the realm of Scotland send all manner of filial
reverence, with devout kisses of his blessed feet.
Most Holy Father and Lord, we know and from the chronicles and books
of the ancients we find that among other famous nations our own, the
Scots, has been graced with widespread renown. They journeyed from
Greater Scythia by way of the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Pillars of
Hercules, and dwelt for a long course of time in Spain among the most
savage tribes, but nowhere could they be subdued by any race, however
barbarous. Thence they came, twelve hundred years after the people of
Israel crossed the Red Sea, to their home in the west where they still
live today. The Britons they first drove out, the Picts they utterly
destroyed, and, even though very often assailed by the Norwegians, the
Danes and the English, they took possession of that home with many
victories and untold efforts; and, as the historians of old time bear
witness, they have held it free of all bondage ever since. In their
kingdom there have reigned one hundred and thirteen kings of their own
royal stock, the line unbroken a single foreigner.
The high qualities and deserts of these people, were they not
otherwise manifest, gain glory enough from this: that the King of
kings and Lord of lords, our Lord Jesus Christ, after His Passion and
Resurrection, called them, even though settled in the uttermost parts
of the earth, almost the first to His most holy faith. Nor would He
have them confirmed in that faith by merely anyone but by the first of
His Apostles -- by calling, though second or third in rank -- the most
gentle Saint Andrew, the Blessed Peter's brother, and desired him to
keep them under his protection as their patron forever.
The Most Holy Fathers your predecessors gave careful heed to these
things and bestowed many favours and numerous privileges on this same
kingdom and people, as being the special charge of the Blessed Peter's
brother. Thus our nation under their protection did indeed live in
freedom and peace up to the time when that mighty prince the King of
the English, Edward, the father of the one who reigns today, when our
kingdom had no head and our people harboured no malice or treachery
and were then unused to wars or invasions, came in the guise of a
friend and ally to harass them as an enemy. The deeds of cruelty,
massacre, violence, pillage, arson, imprisoning prelates, burning down
monasteries, robbing and killing monks and nuns, and yet other
outrages without number which he committed against our people, sparing
neither age nor sex, religion nor rank, no one could describe nor
fully imagine unless he had seen them with his own eyes.
But from these countless evils we have been set free, by the help of
Him Who though He afflicts yet heals and restores, by our most
tireless Prince, King and Lord, the Lord Robert. He, that his people
and his heritage might be delivered out of the hands of our enemies,
met toil and fatigue, hunger and peril, like another Macabaeus or
Joshua and bore them cheerfully. Him, too, divine providence, his
right of succession according to or laws and customs which we shall
maintain to the death, and the due consent and assent of us all have
made our Prince and King. To him, as to the man by whom salvation has
been wrought unto our people, we are bound both by law and by his
merits that our freedom may be still maintained, and by him, come what
may, we mean to stand.
Yet if he should give up what he has begun, and agree to make us or
our kingdom subject to the King of England or the English, we should
exert ourselves at once to drive him out as our enemy and a subverter
of his own rights and ours, and make some other man who was well able
to defend us our King; for, as long as but a hundred of us remain
alive, never will we on any conditions be brought under English rule.
It is in truth not for glory, nor riches, nor honours that we are
fighting, but for freedom -- for that alone, which no honest man gives
up but with life itself.
Therefore it is, Reverend Father and Lord, that we beseech your
Holiness with our most earnest prayers and suppliant hearts, inasmuch
as you will in your sincerity and goodness consider all this, that,
since with Him Whose vice-gerent on earth you are there is neither
weighing nor distinction of Jew and Greek, Scotsman or Englishman, you
will look with the eyes of a father on the troubles and privation
brought by the English upon us and upon the Church of God. May it
please you to admonish and exhort the King of the English, who ought
to be satisfied with what belongs to him since England used once to be
enough for seven kings or more, to leave us Scots in peace, who live
in this poor little Scotland, beyond which there is no dwelling-place
at all, and covet nothing but our own. We are sincerely willing to do
anything for him, having regard to our condition, that we can, to win
peace for ourselves.
This truly concerns you, Holy Father, since you see the savagery of
the heathen raging against the Christians, as the sins of Christians
have indeed deserved, and the frontiers of Christendom being pressed
inward every day; and how much it will tarnish your Holiness's memory
if (which God forbid) the Church suffers eclipse or scandal in any
branch of it during your time, you must perceive. Then rouse the
Christian princes who for false reasons pretend that they cannot go to
help of the Holy Land because of wars they have on hand with their
neighbours. The real reason that prevents them is that in making war
on their smaller neighbours they find quicker profit and weaker
resistance. But how cheerfully our Lord the King and we too would go
there if the King of the English would leave us in peace, He from Whom
nothing is hidden well knows; and we profess and declare it to you as
the Vicar of Christ and to all Christendom.
But if your Holiness puts too much faith in the tales the English tell
and will not give sincere belief to all this, nor refrain from
favouring them to our prejudice, then the slaughter of bodies, the
perdition of souls, and all the other misfortunes that will follow,
inflicted by them on us and by us on them, will, we believe, be surely
laid by the Most High to your charge.
To conclude, we are and shall ever be, as far as duty calls us, ready
to do your will in all things, as obedient sons to you as His Vicar;
and to Him as the Supreme King and Judge we commit the maintenance of
our cause, csating our cares upon Him and firmly trusting that He will
inspire us with courage and bring our enemies to nought.
May the Most High preserve you to his Holy Church in holiness and
health and grant you length of days.
Given at the monastery of Arbroath in Scotland on the sixth day of the
month of April in the year of grace thirteen hundred and twenty and
the fifteenth year of the reign of our King aforesaid.
Endorsed: Letter directed to our Lord the Supreme Pontiff by the
community of Scotland.
Additional names written on some of the seal tags: Alexander
Lamberton, Edward Keith, John Inchmartin, Thomas Menzies, John
Durrant, Thomas Morham (and one illegible).
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or
Arthur G. R. Sutherland
York
North Yorkshire
U.K.